Understanding what mortgages are and how they work can be mystifying for first-time homebuyers faced with the need to get financing to purchase their first home. Technically, the type of mortgage that home buyers use to get a loan to purchase a home is a contractual instrument that gives the lender, known as the “mortgagee”, an interest and certain rights in the property purchased by the borrower, or “mortgagor” (When it comes time for you to read and review the documents setting out your mortgage, the easy way to keep the terms straight is to remember that the “e” that ends “mortgagee” is the same “e” at the beginning of “lender”, while the “or” at the end of “mortgagor” is the same “or” at the beginning of “borrower”.)

Like many legal terms, such as lien or trespass, the word “mortgage” has its origins in the Law French that heralds back to the beginning of British (and American) common law. A “mortgage” – from the French “morte”, meaning death – was known as a “death pledge”. That is, when the debt was repaid the interest and rights of the mortgagee or lender in the borrower’s land or property expires, or dies. The mortgagor then has clear title without any rights, interests or “encumberances” remaining with the mortgagee.

Amortization, Interest Rate and Term

There are three main terms that will apply to all mortgages – the amortization period, the interest rate, and the term of the mortgage. The “amortization period” is the total amount of time (usually expressed in years) which it will take for the mortgagor to pay off his or her mortgage given the terms of the mortgage. The most typical amortization period when an individual is purchasing a home is 25 years, although longer amortization periods of up to 40 years have become more common and commercially available.

The “amortization period” is not to be confused with the “term” of a mortgage. Most usually a mortgage agreement will be for a specific number of years, but for less than the full amortization period. Formerly, the longest term available for mortgage financing was five years, However, some longer term mortgages of up to ten or even twenty-five years have now become available from some commercial lenders.

The difficulty with longer term mortgages, for both mortgagor and mortgagee (borrower and lender), is determining what is a fair and reasonable interest rate to be charged on the mortgage over the duration of such a long period of time. Interest rates fluctuate over time, and forecasting interest costs over an extended period is exceedingly difficult.

The interest rate is the percentage of interest that a lender will charge on an annual basis for the mortgage loan. On a $100,000 mortgage loan, a 5% interest rate would mean that the borrower is paying $5,000 per year in interest.

Mortgages payments are most often made in equal installments paid on a monthly basis over the term of the mortgage. Each monthly payment will go first towards paying the interest on the mortgage loan, and then towards paying off the principal, or outstanding balance, of the loan according to a fixed formula. As the principal of the loan is reduced, less money is owed in interest and consequently more of each payment goes towards paying off the interest.

Each mortgage payment is thus a blended payment, consisting of both an interest payment and a payment towards the mortgage principal. Because the principal amount (and thus the money owing under the mortgage) is reduced over time. the first payments during the term of the mortgage will go mostly towards paying interest, while a greater proportion of principal will be paid off in payments made at the end of the mortgage term.

Fixed-Rate and Variable-Rate Mortgages

Mortgages are also distinguished on the basis of how the interest rate is set. There are two main types of mortgages a fixed-rate mortgage and an open-rate or variable rate mortgage. Under a fixed-rate mortgage, the interest rate is specified for the entire term of the mortgage. Under an open-rate or variable mortgage, the interest rate will vary based on market conditions, usually specified in terms of the mortgagor bank or trust company’s prime lending rate.

Whether to choose a fixed-rate or variable rate mortgage is one of the biggest decisions facing the first-time homebuyer, and anyone seeking mortgage financing. If interest rates are relatively low historically speaking, the interest rates that fixed-rate mortgages are offered at will be higher than the rate offered for a variable rate mortgage. Here the bank or other lender assumes that rates are likely to go up, and charges a higher interest rate for a fixed-rate mortgage to assume that risk.

When interest rates are relatively high – say 9% to 10% – fixed-rate mortgages are typically offered at a lower rate than is being offered for variable rate mortgages. Here, the borrower is assuming the risk that interest rates will not go down from historically high levels. Consequently he or she can usually borrow money at a better fixed-rate than variable rate.

Open Mortgages versus Closed Mortgages

The other significant differentiation between mortgage types that will be of great interest to first time homebuyers is whether their mortgage is an open mortgage or a closed mortgage. An open mortgage can typically be paid off without penalty at any time durng the term of the mortgage without penalty. Under a closed mortgage, on the other hand, there will be a sometimes quite significant monetary penalty for paying off the mortgage before the term of the mortgage expires (although, a closed mortgage may allow for periodic lump sum payments that will go directly towards paying off the principal of the mortgage).

Open mortgages are most often preferable where the homebuyer wants to avoid being locked into his or her mortgage arrangements, thinks interest rates may decrease during the mortgage term or thinks he or she may be selling the mortgaged property before the expiration of the mortgage’s term. Closed mortgages are usually preferable where the homebuyer is operating on a tight budget and needs the security of knowing that mortgage payments will be unaffected by rising interest rates.

Refinancing

Following the expiration of the initial mortgage term, the remaining principal that is outstanding on the mortgage will have to be paid to the lender. This will usually entail refinancing a mortgage for a new term with the same or a different lender. Again, on refinancing the principle variables will be the amortization period, the interest rate and the term of the refinancing. The same considerations will also apply: fixed-rate versus variable rate, open mortgage versus closed mortgage.

Importantly, refinancing may also be available during the term of your mortgage. As your home’s principal is paid off your home equity – or the difference between what is owed on a home and its market value – increases. Mortgage refinancing is also generally available that will enable you to access that home equity through a second mortgage or line of credit secured against the equity in your home, even during the term of your first mortgage.

Your realtor, financial advisor or an independent mortgage broker should be able and willing to walk you through the different mortgages that are available to you, so that you can determine the mortgage product that is right for your circumstances – whether you are purchasing your first home or refinancing.



Rent Back

Real estate has been an outstanding investment in most parts of Canada in the past few years. Home valuations are continuing to rise and have broken through the peak of their 1989 “bubble” in many areas of the country. That’s good news for Canada’s 7.5 million home owners, who are enjoying an average increase of $43,000 in real estate wealth since the upward trend took hold in 1998.

The hot housing market is being fuelled by mortgage rates which are the lowest they’ve been in almost 50 years. First-time home buyers are finding the rates attractive, and home buyers are lining up to purchase their first home or to upgrade to their dream homes. Housing statistics have been capturing headlines for months and the boom is noticeable on key economic indicators.

But the news isn’t just about rising valuations or Canadians moving into their new homes. Quietly in the background, there is a significant trend to refinancing. Canadians who have built up the equity in their home over the last few years are borrowing against that equity in record numbers. According to a report from a major bank, since 2001, Canadian households have taken out approximately $20 billion in cash out of their homes through mortgage refinancing and home equity loans.

We might thank the Ontario mortgage industry for the surprising resilience of the North American economy. In the past two years, the North American economy has endured numerous economic fallouts but consumer confidence remains reasonably strong – at least partly because homeowners have seen some of their losses offset by an increase in their real estate wealth. We find that we are sitting on (and sleeping in) the best-performing investment we own. And even if they have no plans to sell, homeowners have found that the return on their investment is still as good as cash in the bank.

That cash has been a key economic stimulus both here and in the U.S., where the trend is even more pronounced. As Canadians look beyond the view of a home as primarily shelter, mortgages become a valuable resource – and homeowners aren’t necessarily waiting for renewal time to cash out some of their gains.

So where is the money going? The equity being pulled out is often being used to pay down other more expensive debt. Credit card interest rates are shockingly high and – as a nation – our credit card and other consumer debt is continuing to grow. And much of the money is being used for increased spending. There has never been a better time to borrow against home equity to build the kitchen of your dreams, add a new wing, embark on the landscaping project you’ve wanted for years, enjoy the vacation you’ve always dreamed of, or help with the high cost of post secondary education. However, as always, never let your enthusiasm for the opportunity to spend get in the way of good common sense about debt management.



Real Estate Professionals

One of the most important parts of your mortgage is the mortgage rate – the rate of interest that you’ll pay on the money you borrow to buy your house. Often, ads for mortgage lenders make it sound as if they offer a single mortgage rate to all lenders. If that were the truth, it would be easy to find the right mortgage – just shop around for the lender advertising the lowest interest rate and apply for a mortgage with them. Unfortunately for simplicity, calculating a mortgage rate is far more complex than that. The truth is that the mortgage rate that you’re offered is influenced by many different things.

Prime Lending Rate

Mortgage lenders generally base their calculations of their mortgage rates on the prime lending rate. That’s not to say that the prime lending rate is the mortgage rate that they’ll offer to customers. Rather, it’s the starting point of their calculations for their mortgage rates. The prime lending rate is the interest rate that most commercial banks charge their most creditworthy customers. It is adjusted up or down, usually in increments of 1/8 or ¼ of a percentage point. It responds to both the availability of money to loan and the demand for loans in the marketplace. Because those things tend to be the same across the board, most of the major banks will be offering the same prime lending rate.

First time borrower?

If you’re a first time home buyer and your credit is good, banks and lenders will often offer mortgages at a discounted rate – one that is below the prime lending rate – in order to attract your business. First time home buyers who meet certain income guidelines may also qualify for first-time home buyer loans guaranteed by the federal government. One of the conditions of those loans is a very low interest rate, usually several points below the prime lending rate.

Your credit rating

One of the major factors that affects the mortgage rate a bank or lender will offer you is your credit rating or your credit score. Lenders use your credit score to determine whether or not they’ll lend you money, and how much they’ll charge you in interest for the money that you borrow. The better your credit rating, the lower the mortgage rate you’ll be offered.

The type of mortgage

Different types of mortgages carry different risks for lenders. The higher the perceived risk to the lender, the more interest they’ll charge you for your mortgage. Adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) present the lowest risks to the lenders because your mortgage rate can rise if the interest rates rise. Fixed rate mortgages are riskier for lenders. They’re making the gamble that interest rates won’t rise above the mortgage rate that they charge you. Thus, fixed rate mortgages nearly always carry higher interest rates than adjustable rate mortgages. This can be affected by the size of the loan, and how adjustments are calculated.

The amount and length of the mortgage

It’s a general but not a hard and fast rule that the larger the amount borrowed, the lower the interest rate will be. In addition, the longer the term of your mortgage, the lower the rate will be. These differences can be very slight up front, but they add up over the life of the loan. A difference of an eight of a percent can save you tens of thousands over the course of thirty years.

The amount of your down payment

In many cases, the amount that you can offer up as down payment will affect your mortgage rate. The reason is simple enough – the more you put down on your house, the more likely it is that you will not default on your mortgage. Zero-down mortgages generally carry mortgage rates that are considerably higher than the prime lending rate. Depending on the lender and the state of the economy in general when you take out a mortgage, a down payment of as little as 5% or as high as 20% may make a difference in the amount of mortgage rate that you’re offered.

What about the APR?

The Annualized Percentage Rate is the total cost of the loan expressed as an annual percentage rate on the amount borrowed. The APR includes any fees that are paid in addition to the interest rate, so it may differ from the mortgage rate advertised by the lender. In the United States, lenders are required by law to disclose the cost of the loan as a standardized APR in order to make it easier for consumers to compare loans.



Sell and Rent Back